What does ICD-10-CM presume regarding chronic kidney disease and hypertension?

The correct answer indicates that ICD-10-CM presumes a cause and effect relationship between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hypertension. This is supported by medical evidence showing that hypertension can often lead to kidney damage over time, therefore establishing a connection where one condition can influence the development or progression of the other.

In the context of ICD-10-CM coding, understanding this relationship is crucial for accurate documentation and coding practices. When hypertension is identified as being related to CKD, it is essential for healthcare providers to properly code the conditions to reflect their potential causative link, which can impact treatment plans and health care services. This is particularly relevant for accurate reimbursement and healthcare analytics.

The other options do not capture the established relationship between the two conditions. Chronic kidney disease and hypertension are often comorbidities, meaning they frequently occur together, and one can exacerbate or contribute to the seriousness of the other.